Trichinellosis dan Alur Distribusi Daging Babi Hutan di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, Provinsi Sumatera Barat

Peningkatan risiko zoonosis akibat konsumsi daging babi hutan yang tidak matang, menjadi ancaman kesehatan masyarakat yang kritis melalui rantai penularan dari hewan liar ke manusia. Trichinellosis merupakan penyakit zoonosa yang ditularkan melalui konsumsi daging mentah atau setengah matang yang terinfeksi larva Trichinella. Babi hutan merupakan reservoir yang signifikan dari trichinellosis dan menjadi sumber penularan utama bagi manusia. Kabupaten Pasaman Barat merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang rutin melakukan tradisi berburu babi hutan dan memiliki wilayah hutan yang luas diantara kabupaten lain di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur prevalensi trichinellosis pada babi hutan di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan menganalisis alur distribusi daging babi hutan di wilayah tersebut. Sebanyak 106 sampel daging babi hutan dikoleksi dari kegiatan perburuan tradisional masyarakat Minangkabau (Baburu Kandiak). Prevalensi trichinellosis diukur melalui pemeriksaan antibodi dan keberadaan larva Trichinella spp.. Sampel otot dikoleksi dari empat area tubuh babi hutan, yaitu otot masseter, otot kaki depan, otot diafragma, dan otot interkostal. Sampel otot dari setiap bagian yang dikoleksi diambil 2,5 gram, kemudian digabungkan dan dikoleksi jus dagingnya untuk pemeriksaan keberadaan antibodi terhadap Trichinella spp. menggunakan Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Semua sampel otot diperiksa terhadap keberadaan larva Trichinella dengan metode digesty. Data alur distribusi daging babi hutan dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dengan pemburu, pengepul, pedagang, dan Dinas Perkebunan dan Peternakan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, Provinsi Sumatera Barat dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 48 (45,28%) sampel babi hutan positif mengandung antibodi Trichinella spp. dan sembilan (8,49%) sampel positif ditemukan larva Trichinella spp. Tidak ada korelasi yang signifikan antara hasil positif antibodi Trichinella spp. dengan jenis kelamin (p = 0,503) dan berat badan (p = 0,603) babi hutan. Hasil wawancara menunjukkan bahwa babi hutan yang ditangkap dikumpulkan oleh pengepul lokal skala kecil dan menjual dagingnya kepada konsumen lokal atau pengepul skala besar. Pengepul skala besar lokal menjual daging di dalam dan ke luar Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Pengepul skala besar di luar Kabupaten Pasaman Barat menjual daging ke pedagang atau langsung ke konsumen. Dinas Perkebunan dan Peternakan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat tidak mengetahui distribusi daging babi hutan yang dihasilkan dan tidak melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap produk ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, perlu dilakukan sosialisasi untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang praktik pangan yang aman khususnya daging babi hutan, pengawasan terhadap distribusi daging babi hutan serta keberlangsungan pengawasan penyakit zoonosa di daerah tersebut.

The increasing risk of zoonotic diseases associated with the consumption of undercooked wild boar meat poses a significant public health threat through the transmission from wildlife to humans. Trichinellosis is caused by ingesting raw or undercooked meat infected with Trichinella larvae. Wild boars are significant reservoirs for trichinellosis and the primary sources of human infections. West Pasaman Regency, known for its traditional wild boar hunting practices, has a vast forest area compared to other regencies in West Sumatera Province. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boars in West Pasaman Regency and analyze the distribution flow of wild boar meat in the region. Muscle samples were collected from 106 wild boars captured during the traditional Minangkabau boar hunt (Baburu Kandiak). The prevalence of trichinellosis was determined through antibody testing and the detection of Trichinella spp. larvae. Samples were taken from four anatomical sites: the masseter muscle, the forelimb muscle, the diaphragm muscle and the intercostal muscles. Muscle samples weighing 2.5 grams were collected from each site and pooled together, and the meat juice was examined for antibodies against Trichinella spp. using the Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). All muscle samples were examined for the presence of Trichinella larvae using the digestion method. Data on meat distribution were collected through interviews with hunters, collectors, traders, and the Plantation and Livestock Services of West Pasaman Regency, located in West Sumatera Province, using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that 48 out of 106 wild boar samples (45.28%) tested positive for Trichinella spp. antibodies, while nine samples (8.49%) were positive for Trichinella spp. larvae. There was no significant correlation between the positive results for Trichinella antibodies and sex (p = 0.503) or body weight (p = 0.603) of the wild boars. The interview results indicated that the captured wild boars were collected by local small-scale collectors, who sold the meat to local consumers or large-scale collectors. These Local large-scale collectors distributed meat both within and outside the West Pasaman Regency. Those outside the region sold the meat to traders or consumers. The Plantation and Livestock Services of West Pasaman Regency were in unaware of the distribution of wild boar meat and did not inspect this product. Based on the findings of this study, there is a need for public awareness campaigns about safe food practices, particularly regarding wild boar meat. Additionally, supervision of wild boar meat distribution and ongoing surveillance of zoonotic diseases in the area is recommended.